利用Sentinel-2A多光谱成像仪与Landsat8陆地成像仪影像进行普陀山岛植被分类效果比较     

章晓洁  邓艳芬  张亚超  蒋芸芸  邱桔斐 《测绘通报》2019,(10):97-100

卫星遥感技术可用于海岛资源调查。Sentinel-2A与Landsat 8两颗卫星都可免费提供空间分辨率较高的多光谱遥感影像，在海岛调查中的应用潜力较大。本文以浙江舟山普陀山岛为例开展了针对这两种影像在海岛植被分类中的应用效果的研究，分别利用Sentinel-2A多光谱成像仪（MSI）和Landsat 8陆地成像仪（OLI）影像基于最大似然法分类获得了该岛阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林、灌丛、草丛等植被及其他地物的分布情况，并进行了精度检验，结果表明MSI的总体分类精度略高于OLI。  相似文献   

辽宁省海洋生态修复现状、存在的问题及对策建议          下载免费PDF全文

王鹏  张连杰  闫吉顺  于永海  张盼 《海洋开发与管理》2019,36(7):49-52

随着沿海经济带的开发建设,海洋生态环境承受着巨大压力,湿地、河口、海湾、海岛等重要生态系统面临前所未有的威胁。对海洋生态的保护修复已经迫在眉睫、刻不容缓。文章基于辽宁省海洋资源环境的特征,结合海域开发利用及海洋生态修复现状,探索辽宁省海洋生态修复工作面临的主要问题,并提出生态修复重点及对策建议,截至2017年,累计整治修复岸线长度约140km,整治修复海域面积超过50km~2。辽宁省海洋生态修复工作面临的主要问题有:近岸局部海域水体污染、生态受损;湿地、滩涂面积有缩减趋势;河口生态系统脆弱,生物多样性指数降低;海湾生态功能退化;海岛生态环境失衡。辽宁省应重点开展海湾环境综合治理以及滨海湿地、岸滩、岛礁等整治修复工作。  相似文献   

金沙江干热河谷不同植被坡面土壤水分时空分布特征          下载免费PDF全文

韩姣姣  段旭  赵洋毅 《干旱区地理》2019,42(1):121-129

于2016年7~12月和2017年4月的旱、雨季期间，以金沙江干热河谷苴那小流域内的银合欢（Leucaena Benth）林地、车桑子（Dodonaea angustifolia）灌丛地和扭黄茅（Heteropogon cantortus）草地为研究对象，通过网格法和土钻法采集并测定了（0~100 cm）土层的土壤含水量，应用经典统计法和地统计学方法分析该区域不同林草植被下坡面土壤水分的动态变化特征。结果表明：（1）研究区土壤含水量总体较低，雨季显著大于旱季，旱、雨季均表现为灌丛地>草地>林地，呈中度至强度变异（0.07~0.28之间）。（2）不同林草植被下旱、雨季土壤水分具有相似的空间自相关性，自相关系数均由正向负转变，但由正向负转变的滞后距离有所不同，且雨季大于旱季，呈中等或强等空间自相关性。（3）不同林草植被下的土壤水分空间结构不同，林地、灌丛地和草地旱雨季最佳拟合模型均为球状模型；相同林草植被下各土层旱、雨季土壤水分的空间分布特征相似，但旱季的分布格局差异更显著，不同林草植被下深层土壤水分分布比表层土壤水分的分布更为复杂，土壤水分呈明显的斑块或条带状分布，含水量高值区和低值区位置不固定。总之不同林草植被类型会改变局部地段土壤水分空间分布，降雨会加强这种差异的趋势，但土壤水分仍具一定空间连续性。  相似文献   

2000-2015年柴达木盆地植被覆盖度时空变化及其与环境因子的关系          下载免费PDF全文

张斯琦  陈辉  宋明华  付阳  牛慧慧  杨祎  张博雄 《干旱区地理》2019,42(5):1124-1132

基于MODIS-NDVI、DEM和气象数据，分析柴达木盆地2000—2015年植被覆盖度（FVC）时空变化特征，并与降水、温度、日照时数、相对湿度、蒸散量和海拔进行相关、偏相关或叠加分析，探讨FVC与各环境因子的关系。结果表明：FVC整体自东南向西北内陆呈半环状递减，FVC集中在20%以下，人类活动及径流等打破植被地带性规律；2000—2015年FVC明显改善，广泛分布于盆地中西部地区，2001—2002年年际变化最显著；FVC与降水、相对湿度以正相关为主，与温度关系不显著，与日照时数和蒸散量主要为负相关，降水对FVC贡献最大，温度通过影响蒸散量等间接影响FVC，而土壤蒸发对蒸散量的影响大于植物蒸腾；FVC与等高线空间分布较吻合，FVC在2 800~2 900 m和4 600~4 700 m出现两个峰值，4 700 m以上FVC迅速降低。  相似文献   

Understory and small trees contribute importantly to stemflow of a lower montane cloud forest          下载免费PDF全文

Teresa Margarita González‐Martínez  Guadalupe Williams‐Linera  Friso Holwerda 《水文研究》2017,31(5):1174-1183

Stemflow (Sf) measurements in tropical rain and montane forests dominated by large trees rarely include the understory and small trees. In this study, contributions of lower (1‐ to 2‐m height) and upper (>2‐m height and <5‐cm diameter at breast height [DBH]) woody understory, small trees (5 < DBH < 10 cm), and canopy trees (>10‐cm DBH) to Sf per unit ground area (Sf_a) of a Mexican lower montane cloud forest were quantified for 32 days with rainfall (P) during the 2014 wet season. Rainfall, stemflow yield (Sf_y), vegetation height, density, and basal area were measured. Subsequently, stemflow funneling ratios (SFRs) were calculated, and three common methods to scale up Sf_y from individual trees to the stand level (tree‐Sf_y correlation, P‐Sf_y correlation, and mean‐Sf_y extrapolation) were used to calculate Sf_a. Understory woody plants, small trees, and upper canopy trees represented 96%, 2%, and 2%, respectively, of the total density. Upper canopy trees had the lowest SFRs (1.6 ± 0.5 Standard Error (SE) on average), although the lower understory had the highest (36.1 ± 6.4). Small trees and upper understory presented similar SFRs (22.9 ± 5.4 and 20.2 ± 3.9, respectively). Different Sf scaling methods generally yielded similar results. Overall Sf_a during the study period was 22.7 mm (4.5% of rainfall), to which the understory contributed 70.1% (15.9 mm), small trees 10.6% (2.4 mm), and upper canopy trees 19.3% (4.4 mm). Our results strongly suggest that for humid tropical forests with dense understory of woody plants and small trees, Sf of these groups should be measured to avoid an underestimation of overall Sf at the stand level.  相似文献   

Subsurface lateral flow generation in aspen and conifer‐dominated hillslopes of a first order catchment in northern Utah     

Amy R. Burke  Tamao Kasahara 《水文研究》2011,25(9):1407-1417

Mountain headwater catchments in the semi‐arid Intermountain West are important sources of surface water because these high elevations receive more precipitation than neighboring lowlands. This study examined subsurface runoff in two hillslopes, one aspen dominated, the other conifer dominated, adjacent to a first order stream in snow‐driven northern Utah. Snow accumulation, soil moisture, trenchflow and streamflow were examined in hillslopes and their adjacent stream. Snow water equivalents (SWEs) were greater under aspen stands compared to conifer, the difference increasing with higher annual precipitation. Semi‐variograms of shallow spatial soil moisture patterns and transects of continuous soil moisture showed no increase in soil moisture downslope, suggesting the absence of subsurface flow in shallow (～12 cm) soil layers of either vegetation type. However, a clear threshold relationship between soil moisture and streamflow indicated hillslope–stream connectivity, deeper within the soil profile. Subsurface flow was detected at ～50 cm depth, which was sustained for longer in the conifer hillslope. Soil profiles under the two vegetation types varied, with deep aspen soils having greater water storage capacity than shallow rocky conifer soils. Though SWEs were less under the conifers, the soil profile had less water storage capacity and produced more subsurface lateral flow during the spring snowmelt. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Vegetation history of the penultimate glacial period (Marine isotope stage 6) at Ioannina,north‐west Greece     

K. H. Roucoux  P. C. Tzedakis  I. T. Lawson  V. Margari 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(6):616-626

The vegetational history of the penultimate glacial period, Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 (c. 185–135 ka), has remained relatively unexplored. Here we present a new record from the Ioannina basin, north‐west Greece, which constitutes the highest‐resolution terrestrial pollen record for this interval produced to date. It shows that the vegetation history of MIS 6 in this region can be divided into two parts: an early period (185–155 ka) with pronounced oscillations in tree population extent, and a later period (155–135 ka) with much smaller tree populations and subdued oscillations. This pattern is analogous to the MIS 3/MIS 2 division during the last glacial in the same sequence, although the early part of MIS 6 had larger Pinus populations and fewer temperate trees relative to the equivalent interval in MIS 3. This implies cooler and wetter conditions, which is somewhat counterintuitive given the high summer insolation during MIS 6e, but is in line with other palaeoclimatic evidence from the Mediterranean. Comparison with North Atlantic records suggests that despite the absence of pronounced iceberg discharges during MIS 6, North Atlantic millennial‐scale variability had a significant downstream impact on tree populations in north‐west Greece. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Vertical variations and transport mechanism of soil moisture in response to vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau of China     

Dexun Qiu  Peng Gao  Xingmin Mu  Baili Zhao 《水文研究》2021,35(10):e14397

Soil moisture is essential for vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid regions. Ascertaining the vertical distribution and transportation of soil moisture under different vegetation types has a profound effect on the ecological construction. In this study, the soil moisture at a depth of 500 cm for four typical vegetation types, including Robinia pseudoacacia, Caragana korshinskii, Stipa bungeana, and corn, were investigated and compared in the Zhifanggou watershed of the Loess plateau. Additionally, hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes were detected to identify the transport mechanism of soil moisture. The results showed vertical distribution and transportation of soil moisture were different under different vegetation types. Depth-averaged soil moisture under S. bungeana and corn generally increased along the profile, while C. korshinskii and R. pseudoacacia showed weakly increasing and relatively stable after an obvious decreasing trend (0–40 cm). The soil moisture under R. pseudoacacia was lower than that under other vegetation types, especially in deep layer. However, the effect of R. pseudoacacia on soil moisture in the topsoil (< 30 cm) could be positive. For R. pseudoacacia (160–500 cm), C. korshinskii (0–500 cm), and S. bungeana (0–100 cm), the soil moisture declined with increased in vegetation age. Planting arbor species such as R. pseudoacacia intensified the decline of soil moisture on the Loess Plateau. The capacity of evaporation fractionation of soil moisture followed the sequence: corn > S. bungeana > R. pseudoacacia > C. korshinskii. The δ¹⁸O values in soil water fluctuated across the profile. The δ¹⁸O values changed sharply in upper layer and generally remained stable in deep layer. However, in middle layer, the vertical distribution characteristics of the δ¹⁸O values were different under different vegetation types. We estimated that piston flow was the main mode of precipitation infiltration, and the occurrence of preferential flow was related to vegetation types. These results were helpful to improve the understanding of the response of deep soil moisture to vegetation restoration and inform practices for sustainable water management.  相似文献   

Snow interception modelling: Isolated observations have led to many land surface models lacking appropriate temperature sensitivities     

Jessica D. Lundquist  Susan Dickerson-Lange  Ethan Gutmann  Tobias Jonas  Cassie Lumbrazo  Dylan Reynolds 《水文研究》2021,35(7):e14274

When formulating a hydrologic model, scientists rely on parameterizations of multiple processes based on field data, but literature review suggests that more frequently people select parameterizations that were included in pre-existing models rather than re-evaluating the underlying field experiments. Problems arise when limited field data exist, when “trusted” approaches do not get reevaluated, and when sensitivities fundamentally change in different environments. The physics and dynamics of snow interception by conifers is just such a case, and it is critical to simulation of the water budget and surface albedo. The most commonly used interception parameterization is based on data from four trees from one site, but results from this field study are not directly transferable to locations with relatively warmer winters, where the dominant processes differ dramatically. Here, we combine a literature review with model experiments to demonstrate needed improvements. Our results show that the choice of model form and parameters can vary the fraction of snow lost through interception by as much as 30%. In most simulations, the warming of mean winter temperatures from −7 to 0°C reduces the modelled fraction of snow under the canopy compared to the open, but the magnitude of simulated decrease varies from about 10% to 40%. The range of results is even larger when considering models that neglect the melting of in-canopy snow in higher-humidity environments where canopy sublimation plays less of a role. Thus, we recommend that all models represent canopy snowmelt and include representation of increased loading due to increased adhesion and cohesion when temperatures rise from −3 to 0°C. In addition to model improvements, field experiments across climates and forest types are needed to investigate how to best model the combination of dynamically changing forest cover and snow cover to better understand and predict changes to albedo and water supplies.  相似文献   

日光诱导叶绿素荧光辐射传输模型研究进展     

詹春晖  章钊颖  张永光 《遥感学报》2020,24(8):945-959

日光诱导叶绿素荧光(SIF)是指示植被光合作用过程的无损探针，在不同时空尺度上对植被进行SIF的观测可以反映植被的实际光合作用及生理状态。然而在观测、分析和利用SIF的过程中，仍存在很多不确定因素。SIF的发生具有较为复杂的机理，从机理出发理解SIF与植被结构的相互作用，并分析影响SIF激发的主要因素将有助于更好地理解SIF与光合作用以及生物量的内在联系。因此，植被SIF辐射传输模型在解释和利用SIF遥感信号方面具有重要的作用。植被SIF信号相对较弱，且受环境、植被和生理等多种因子的影响，需要定量化描述，这为SIF辐射传输模型的构建带来挑战。近年来，大量学者已经发展一系列SIF辐射传输模型，为SIF遥感的发展提供了坚实的理论基础。本文回顾了叶片、冠层和生态系统尺度的SIF模型，从建模机理出发，对比模型优劣势，并对未来SIF模型的发展前景进行了展望。  相似文献